Railroad Westward Expansion from 1860 to 1890

Railroad Westward Expansion from 1860 to 1890The history of America is grounded in the concepts of immigration, expansion, and economic empowerment. European settlers along the eastside Coast developed a unfermented doctrine called the manifest destiny that would guide their path. This ideology posited that the United States was destined to expand across the continent, displacing the indigenous communities. The object to join the East and West Coast was pursued on different fronts. Development of the takeroad network spearheaded the process as it opened up new lands, connected major cities, and too enabled agricultural and economic festering (Borneman 14). The railroad not only served as a means of transport but also marked the r issuee for the dissemination of inventions, culture, and knowledge gained everywhere the years.Although the railroad is mainly recognized for enabling agriculture, transport, and industrialization, it also play a significant role in facilitating admin istration. The settlers often faced violent resistance from the natives (Wolmar 18). In fact, several Red Indian communities openly attacked and even sabotaged settler activities to scatter the expansion. Thus, there was a exact to set down rules of engagement (Wilhelm 40). The railroad played its role by opening up transportation into the interior allowing for the colonizers to establish administrative frameworks. Mapping out the rail routes also call for collaboration with the native tribes. Therefore, settlers negotiated and signed treaties with native chiefs in their respective territories. For instance, the native tribes of Osage, Cheyenne, Arapaho, and Pawnee occupied the plains of Kansas, Colorado, and Nebraska. The government negotiated a battery of treaties largely dealing with the transfer of land either of settlement or rail tracks. Famous ones include the Sturges Osage (1868) and Drum Creek Treaties among others (Wilhelm 46). After signing the agreements, administrati ve posts would be established mainly along the railroads.With time, the posts turned into settlements and small towns. These small rural towns served by the railroad attracted increasingly larger populations that transformed them into cultural hotspots and centers of learning (Hagger 29). almost the 1870s, Cincinnati and St. Louis had attracted a significant population including workers and farmers (PBS Map). Individuals from different cultural backgrounds mingled and interacted to form a unique culture. Various types of food, music, folklore, literature, language, dressing, farming, buildings, and relationships all combined to create the American identity. By 1890, over ten cities with populations of over 100, 000 people had emerged on the westward expansion route along the railway tracks (PBS Map). Cities also served by waterways experienced more rapid growth economically and population-wise (Borneman 191). With time, these cities and rail transport became core elements of the Am erican identity.The westward expansion also tallied with increased agricultural and industrial inventions. Some of the key discoveries in the blow included the reaper (invented 1831), the combine harvester (1834), and the steel plow (1837). These implements were essential to agriculture and allowed the expansion of the railroad to spread and disseminate the technology. For instance, the McCormicks reaper was bulky and required to be transported from Virginia where it was manually assembled into the farmlands located encourage westward in the states of Kentucky, Missouri, Kansas, Nebraska, and Ohio (Borneman 119). Railroads offered the best method to transport them. Increased agricultural output resulting from the enhanced technology nevertheless increased transportation needs. Laying rail tracks was considerably cheaper than digging out roads and or water canals (Wolmar 14). As such(prenominal), inventions and railroads had a mutual relationship in that the new creations distribu ted by the railroad further increased demand for transportation.Furthermore, increased agricultural production spurred invention of more efficient industrial processes to serve the maturement masses. This necessitated the railroad to connect not only major farming areas that supplied raw materials but also industrial cities. Many industries in the food processing welkin would emerge driven by inventions in that direction. The mass production of steel, glass and other products stimulated other industries. For instance, availability of steel allowed for new approaches in architectural designs, more so, in multi-story buildings. Buildings such as the Trinity Church in Boston and the Philadelphia City Hall were designed and constructed in the 1870s. The railroads allowed for convenient transportations of construction materials such as steel and bricks. Consequently, inventions in the architectural industry and building and construction would follow the rail tracks westward. Although N ew York introduced the skyscrapers, the invention would be mastered in stops in the 1880s and 90s led by pioneer architects such as William L. Jenney (1832-1907) and Daniel H. Burnham (1846-1912) at the Chicago College of Architecture and the Arts (Hagger 101). As the rail extended further westward, so did the skyscraper design. By 1890s, other cities such as St Louis and San Francisco had their skyscrapers as the railroad connected the East and West Coasts.To summarize, one can say that the railroad has played an integral part in the growth of America. Specifically, between 1869 and 1890, it hastened the westward expansion that allowed the creation of more settlements in the Midwestern plains all through to the West Coast. The rail route also served a significant role in designating administrative posts and even urban settlements that later evolved into the major cities. The majority of the factors that make America what it is forthwith including technology, democracy, and a vibra nt culture can all be linked to the railroad network created by the westward expansion policy.Word count 870 plant life CitedBorneman, Walter, Iron Horses Americas Race to Bring the Railroads West. NewYork Little Borneman. 2014. Print. Retrieved from https//books.google.com/books?id=R0oeAwAAQBAJlpg=PP1dq=Americas%20Race%20to%20Bring%20the%20Railroads%20Westpg=PT20v=onepageqf=falseHagger, Nicholas, The Secret American Dream The Creation of a New World invest with thePower to Abolish War, Poverty, and Disease. New York Duncan Baird. 2013. Print.PBS Map, Westward Expansion 1860-1890. WGBH Educational Foundation. 2010.https//www.pbslearningmedia.org/asset/akh10_int_expansion/. Accessed.23 Feb. 2017.Wilhelm, Robert, The Bloody Century True Tales of Murder in nineteenth Century America. NightStick Press. 2014. Print.Wolmar, Christian, The Great Railroad Revolution The History of Trains in America. NewYork Public Affairs. 2013. Print.

The Local Tourism Industry In Botswana Tourism Essay

The Local Tourism Industry In Botswana Tourism Essay1.0 INTRODUCTION1.1 BACKGROUND TO RESEARCHBotswana is a relatively small country rigid in Southern Africa, sandwiched between South Africa, Zimbabwe and Namibia. A landlocked country, however what it lacks in coastline, it more than makes up for in tourist attractions that find pulled in visitors from across the world. Known loosely for the Okavango Delta, the Kalahari Desert and its Bushmen, and the numerous wildlife sanctuaries and parks that ar a host to numerous endangered species.With a population of approximately 1.8 million people, mostly Setswana speaking, it has enjoyed 40 years of independence and gained its reputation as one of the fastest developing nations since, transforming itself from one of the poorest in the world, to a middle scrimping country. These great achievements conduct propelled Botswana into recognition as one of the most politically and economically stable in Africa.For a long time, Botswanas eco nomy has been heavily dependent on the mining intentness, boasting over 75% of the countrys export earnings. Although the country is also rich in copper, nickel and gold, diamonds are the most profitable. They were first discovered in the new-fashioned 1960s, and since, the perseverance has flourished and established itself as the worlds largest producer of gem-quality diamonds. This attention is in no doubt responsible for assisting in and facilitating the speedy exploitation of the country. Other key sectors acknowledge the agricultural manufacturing (exporting quality beef), textile and livestock industries, exporting quality beef.One of the most important objectives of government policy towards achieving its Vision 2016 is the diversification of the economy away from dependence on the mining sector. In recent years, the growing tourism industry has proven itself as a significant contributor to the countrys arrant(a) Domestic Product (GDP) and economic growth. With the c ountrys competitive advantage of its vast natural resources and offerings, it is automatically put it in a position where it can prosper not just regionally, but internationalisticistly as well.This growth and prosperity can be attributed to initiatives taken by the government in run to boost and change the industry. Various strategies and policies have been implemented to try and spur private investment. It has initiated campaigns for the development and improvement of the facilities in the National and wildlife parks in hallow to preserve the purlieu and its ecosystems. Foreign investment is encouraged, although only if those wishing to do so conduct joint ventures with the citizens, to promote their involvement in the development of the industry. They introduced a policy which allowed some(prenominal) abroad and local investors in tourism, among other selected sectors, to receive grants from the Government, clearly gave a boost to investment in tourismAll these developmen ts have led to an ontogeny in international visitors which in turn has led to an increase in the need for accommodation, and therefore an increase in the building of hotels and lodges.Extracted from FDI AND TOURISM THE DEVELOPMENT DIMENSION, eastmost AND SOUTHERN AFRICA. A United Nations Case Study 2003The hotels that have been established are both locally and internationally possess, however look for reveals that ownership is predominate by international companies and individuals. The most popular of these hotels are Sun International (a South African franchise), Cresta Hotels (another South African franchise belonging to the TA Group), The soaring Palm and Mondior Summit (a member of the South African Mondior Company).In an ideal environment, it would have been the other way around, with industrial control fully domestic quite of dependent on foreign aid. The drawbacks of having an unbalanced ownership scale (or one that is not heavily domestic) in the tourism industry, inc lude loosing vital revenues collected to foreigners and the inability of complete revenue maximization by the government and the citizens.The presence of these multinational hotel chains is evidence that the initiatives taken by the government to boost the industry are effective. However, only to a limited extent because in order for the industry to survive, they have to allow foreign investors to participate but this is pushing the industry into the hand of these foreigners and away from those who can benefit from it the most the citizens.With this proposal, I intend to find out if there is a relationship between the large internationally owned hotels and lodges and the significantly smaller locally owned ones.1.2 RESEARCH PROBLEMThe tourism industry in Botswana is still in its growth phase, with government programs dedicated to the upgrading and development of the areas that attract most tourists. The hotel industry is one that has seen considerable growth in relation to the gov ernments policy. In order to help expand this industry, the government has favored foreign investment and made it easier for foreigners to invest on a long frontier basis with political and economic stability providing an ideal investment climate. As a result, the hospitality and accommodation sectors have seen numerous international hotels, lodges and hotel chains set up around the country.Although significant for a maturing industry, the abundance of internationally owned and operated establishments signals an contrast in the ownership when compared to the locally operated establishments. The industry is reign by foreign proprietors and it seems they are overpowering local entrepreneurship.The irony of the situation is that in order for tourists to buzz off the genuine Setswana environment, they would have to place themselves in an atmosphere that would reflect the true Setswana lifestyle, and that is more than often found in a locally owned establishment. The achiever of the se international hotels is testament to numerous situations, such asthe local hotels arent performing to meet the standards of the touristsMost of the internationally operated hotels around Botswana can be classified as 5star, and for the economically well-off visitor, luxury and comfort may play a larger role than experiencing the Setswana lifestyle in choosing where to stay. There is also a level of quality that can be expected when dealing with an internationally established and world renowned hotel that may cause visitors to automatically opt for it instead of severe out a local hotel. This is not to suggest that the local hotels are not up to par, but the unfortunately the reputation of an international hotel, far exceeds that of a local one.the tourists are not aware of their servicesAs more and more of the world business is turning electronic, i.e over the internet, more and more tourists intrust on the internet to inform them on where to stay, and the use of the travel age nt as an intermediary between the hotel and the tourist is slowly becoming obsolete. It has taken a little bit longer for some businesses to realize the importance of the internet as a grocerying tool, and its ability to help them reach out to effectiveness customers. Many hotels have not yet come to this realization and it is this way that they missing out on opportunities by failing to expose themselves to a wider audience. advertisement plays an important role in determining the success or failure of a company and if it fails to run an effective marketing scheme then it forget receive limited responses.Either of these situations results in loss of revenue for the local hospitality and accommodation sector and all those involved. These consequences have a long term domino effect, where one situation triggers the other, or one situation is the direct or indirect consequence of another. Such asManagerial positions are dominated by foreignersThe only posts reserved for locals are those with lower salariesGeneral failure of the industry to contribute to the development of the local community and the eradication of poverty.1.2.1 PROBLEM rumorThe local tourism market in Botswana is saturated by large foreign owned hotels and this is pushing the locally owned ones into the background.1.2.2 RESEARCH QUESTIONThe propose of this research proposal is to answer the question What is the impact of the international hotel giants on the local accommodation and hospitality market?My intention is conduct a qualitative study by interviewing local entrepreneurs to get an in-depth and personal opinion on the role that these hotel giants play in the industry.RESEARCH OBJECTIVEThe purpose of this study is to measure out the impact that international hotel franchises have on the local hospitality and accommodation market in Botswana. This study can be broken down into categories that when concluded, should confound a clear understanding of the above mentioned issue.To recog nize the relationship between the abundance of the internationally operated hotels and lodges and the scarcity of locally owned ones.To condition the impact that these international giants on the local hotels.To examine the repercussions that the international hotel chains have on the local tourism industry.To develop research in this area in order to recognize how the current situation can be overcome.1.4 JUSTIFICATION OF RESEARCHThe reason I have chosen this particular topic is because the tourism industry in Botswana is rapidly becoming a vital contributor to the countrys GDP, as the need for economic diversification away from the mining industry becomes more urgent. As a vital part of the economy, it is important that the public be aware of all aspects that contribute to its growth. By creating public awareness on how the local market is influenced by these foreign giants, it is my hope that they will take initiatives to be more supportive and more participative in the industry .Another reason for pursuing this topic is because research previously conducted has been limited and non specific, . . . .RESEARCH METHODOLOGYThe primary purpose of this research is to find out if and how the local entrepreneurs business has been affected by the international hotel chains. What I want find out is the experience, opinion and feelings of these entrepreneurs towards these hotels.The best way to collect this data would be through conducting an interview, specifically a structured interview. I chose this method becauseIt allows for me to investigate the thoughts, views, assumption, feelings, attitudes and perceptions of the interviewee which cannot be provided by any other method of data collection.It allows me to ask more complex questions and also the ability to validate the data as I collect it, which improves the overall quality of the data.Due to geographic constraints, my interviews are going to have to be conducted over the phone. The advantages of telephone in terview include more(prenominal) freedom for the interviewee because they are not under pressure from a face-to-face scenario, therefore the interviewee feels more comfortable.This also means that their responses will be more simple and open.SAMPLE SIZEI intend to interview a total of ten local businesses located all around the country, in order to determine whether it is a national or just localized phenomenon. I want to find out the opinion of the businessman and woman in all tourist attractions around Botswana to establish whether their view is universal.PROJECT OUTLINEChapter 1 IntroductionThis starts with a brief description of Botswanas economic history and the contribution that the tourism industry is making towards it. The Research Problem describes how the introduction of International hotels signifies the growth of the industry but that may be at the expense of the local entrepreneurs. Therefore it is my office with this project to find out exactly how these hotels have affected local businesses and to achieve this, I will conduct interview with ten of these businessmen and women.Chapter 2 Literature ReviewThe exploration and analysis of secondary data procured over the internet. I will study journals related to or contributing to the topic, in order to find out the significance of my research.Chapter 3 Research FrameworkThis is an in-depth analysis of the method of data collection, sample sizes and distribution in order to inform the commentator on every step of primary data collection process.1.7 DELIMITATIONS OF SCOPEThe scope of this research is limited to local entrepreneurs in the accommodation and hospitality industry in Botswana, although only those involved in the operation of hotels, lodges or guest houses. The aim of this research is to solicit their opinion on the effect that the international hotel giants have on their businesses with the assumption is that they have all been affected either in a good or bad way by the success of t hese international hotels.This research will provide an analytical view of how these local businesses are doing in comparison to the hotels, and this information will be useful to these entrepreneurs in arduous to improve the current situation.CHAPTER SUMMARYThis chapter is an introductory chapter that starts off by describing the economic history of Botswana and the influence that the tourism industry has had. The main issue revolves around how this industry has seen the establishment of international hotels and what role these hotels play on the local hospitality and accommodation market. The research questions outline what type of information Im trying to solicit and the plectron of data collection most suitable for that is through conducting interviews.http//www.bidpa.bw/docs/archive/Economic%20Diversification/TheTourismSector.pdfhttp//botswana.usembassy.gov/resources/commercial-section/tourism-and-investment.html

Religion is a Vital Part of Life :: Religion Religious Essays

Does religion re eachy affect the way people live their daily lives? slew believe that religion makes a better family and makes the world a better place to live. Many people follow religion so strongly that the proximo generations follow religion just as hard. Some people seem to change religion for their own recognition. There seem to be those people who go to church for the recognition, then those that who go and actually live by the word of God. So many different kinds of religions have sprung up, and with the different religions out there, it becomes hard to last which ones to choose and which ones leave behind actually help with choices that the future generation will overcome. With the variety of religions we have to choose from today, one religion suits everyone, but also will be known to helping change the past customs to fit the society today, help with the children and families, and also help with governments decisions for the future generations. With the world changing and development daily, the key to religious success comes from staying true to yourself through thick and thin. With past rituals and rules, being successful in religion becomes difficult, according to a writer named Gary Wills (Wills). So by worshipping things like camels would not apply today because of the fact that we do not use camels anymore, could be changed to worshipping something along the lines of a car, or clothes, or a models body. Also, religious practices, such as abstinence based on todays religious beliefs, may not have utilise back then because of the young marriage age. Also, with the preachings done in the past, times have changed, and so have the sermons, in order to corroborate the people coming. With everything changing so fast, people seem to be changing along with the society, and so the only thing that keeps the church up to date with everything comes from the children.The children in families seem to help with the changing in the church. Since the child ren live in this generation, they tend to help the congregation change with the society. According to Rhonda Stock religion helps with a family setting. She raises all her children to follow in the Lords steps and she hopes that when they grow up and live their own lives, that they will see how well religion has affected their lives.

Essays --

As a growing phenomenon Word of Mouth has evolved as one of the approximately influential source of marketing. Word of embouchure can simply be defined as any business action that earns a guest recommendation, its what companies use to gain a hotshot of interest by a consumer that cause them to experience and sh ar. Word of mouth builds brands, increases sales, and builds conversations both consumer to consumer and consumer to brand. It is believed that the power of Word of mouth would only increase in the attack years as people become more interconnected through social media. Word of mouth relies fundamentally on people trusting you, as a medium of Word of Mouth, its basically about real people and when real people trust you and they love what you do, they are going to govern their friends. Delivering the best product in a category, providing great customer experience, and rewarding customer loyalty are all business actions that earns customer recommendations. Recommendations are authoritative to marketers, because when a recommendation is earned it indicates preference from a customer, leads to purchase and a strong probability that the customer will tell others through parole of mouth. The most effective word of mouth marketing follows five principals which are Credible, respectful, social, measurable and repeatable. Credible word of mouth is honest and authentic messages from brand to customers and from customers to customers. Respectable word of mouth is responsible and trustworthy behavior as it relates to privacy matters between brand and their consumers. Social word of mouth involves brand listening, participating, responding and engaging in conversations online and offline. measured word of mouth is the ability to evaluate, monitor and ... ...n an easy disclosure youre basically free and clear. So how does a company go about grammatical construction a kind of trust that would make Word of Mouth work well? First and foremost it depends on the company is the basic answer unless this does require a couple fundamental and philosophical changes in how a company runs its business. They have to first stop doing things which are deceptive, treat customers well, realize that customer service is not an expense item and that customer service is the core of their Word of Mouth engine. Companies need to rethink why customers buy from them, which is simply because they are liked and so are their products. Being remarkable and earning respect is not achieved by making a bigger bottle, having a super sale or investing in a super bowl ad but to just gain a character that consumers adore and would like to tell the domain of a function about.

Feminism in Uncle Toms Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe Essay -- Femini

Feminism in Uncle Toms cabin While Harriet Beecher Stowes Uncle Toms cabin overtly deals with the wrongs of break ones backry from a Christian standpoint, there is a subtle yet strong emphasis on the moral and physical efficiency of wowork force. Eliza, Eva, aunty Chloe, and Mrs. Shelby all exhibit remarkable power and understanding of good over evil in ways that most of the male characters in Stowes novel. raze Mrs. St. Claire, who is ill throughout most of the book, proves later that she was always physically in control of her actions, however immoral they were. This emotional strength, when compared with the strength of the male characters, shows a whimsy in women as equals to men (if not more so) uncommon to 19th century literature. In 1848, the first ever Womens Rights convention was held in Seneca Falls, tender York. Though Stowe did not attend, m both of those who were strong in the emancipationist lawsuit, such as Fredrick Douglas and Amy Post, did. Thus a correlatio n was drawn between the abolitionist movement and womens rights. Both fights were about equality, so naturally those who were supportive of emancipation were supportive of gender equality as well. Uncle Toms Cabin not only follows the life of Uncle Tom, spanning from the sequence he is sold from his longtime master until Toms death, but also follows the life of Eliza, another slave who lives on the Shelby plantation with Tom as the novel begins. But unl... ...Topsy, but help her repent as well, for Topsy later says, I pull up stakes deliver, I will try I never did care nothin about it before (94). Uncle Toms Cabin contains almost as basic of a moral as any story could love has no physical barriers. The goal of Stowes novel is to show that in terms of race. But at the same time Stowe shows it in terms of gender as well. By making the female characters more morally righteous than the male characters and displaying the womens physical feats more overtly than the mens, Stowe enables the audience to see a side of women relatively unseen in 19th century American culture. Works Cited Stowe, Harriet Beecher. Uncle Toms Cabin. naked York Grosset & Dunlap, 1927 Feminism in Uncle Toms Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe Essay -- FeminiFeminism in Uncle Toms Cabin While Harriet Beecher Stowes Uncle Toms Cabin overtly deals with the wrongs of slavery from a Christian standpoint, there is a subtle yet strong emphasis on the moral and physical strength of women. Eliza, Eva, Aunt Chloe, and Mrs. Shelby all exhibit remarkable power and understanding of good over evil in ways that most of the male characters in Stowes novel. Even Mrs. St. Claire, who is ill throughout most of the book, proves later that she was always physically in control of her actions, however immoral they were. This emotional strength, when compared with the strength of the male characters, shows a belief in women as equals to men (if not more so) uncommon to 19th century literature. In 18 48, the first ever Womens Rights convention was held in Seneca Falls, New York. Though Stowe did not attend, many of those who were strong in the abolitionist movement, such as Fredrick Douglas and Amy Post, did. Thus a correlation was drawn between the abolitionist movement and womens rights. Both fights were about equality, so naturally those who were supportive of emancipation were supportive of gender equality as well. Uncle Toms Cabin not only follows the life of Uncle Tom, spanning from the time he is sold from his longtime master until Toms death, but also follows the life of Eliza, another slave who lives on the Shelby plantation with Tom as the novel begins. But unl... ...Topsy, but help her repent as well, for Topsy later says, I will try, I will try I never did care nothin about it before (94). Uncle Toms Cabin contains almost as basic of a moral as any story could love has no physical barriers. The goal of Stowes novel is to show that in terms of race. But at the same t ime Stowe shows it in terms of gender as well. By making the female characters more morally righteous than the male characters and displaying the womens physical feats more overtly than the mens, Stowe enables the audience to see a side of women relatively unseen in 19th century American culture. Works Cited Stowe, Harriet Beecher. Uncle Toms Cabin. New York Grosset & Dunlap, 1927

Crying Souls in The Slave Dancer :: Slave Dancer Essays

Crying Souls in The Slave Dancer    It all began in the cold month of January, 1840, in a town familiar to humanityy New Orleans. Fog laid a heavy blanket on the streets and alleyways of the city. Rain steadily engulfed the seaside locality, and the sound of drunken riverboat men and the slaves celebrating their terrible festivities surrounded the area. New Orleans was the location where Jessie Bollier lived, and tis the place where he was captured on that dark January evening. Jessie then found himself on board The Moonlight, the slabber with its towering sails and masts, cabins and storage space under the deck. For these were places where Jessie had to dance the slaves and where the captain and crew would spend many weeks living in fear of the slaves, of each other, and of getting caught.   The apologue then briefly took the ships crew and captain to Whydah in the Bight of Benin, the rugged coasts of Africa, where the multitudes of slaves were captured and mis treated. They then made their way across the Atlantic once over again to land in the Gulf of Mexico. The Moonlight was anchored there and stayed because it was here where the ship submerged. Two passengers then washed up to the shores of Mississippi where Jessie and Ras meet Daniel, their concisely to be friend. Finally, the story concludes in the place it began...the clamoring streets of New Orleans. The Slave Dancer is written in first person point of view, through Jessies eyes, and projects a depressing, melancholy mood. It is the tragic song of the slaves. The hero of the story is the thirteen year old boy, Jessie Bollier. Hes a fearful runt, comments Captain Cawthorne. He is brought on board the slaver to make the slaves dance, to keep them healthy. Jessie innocent and does not fully understand his purpose. My life had turned upside down. My friend was a man who pressganged me. I disliked the man who befriended me. Jessie does not realize what is going on within him. He does not realize that these men, these women, and children are slaves...are owned. He does not perceive the cruel treatment of the slaves, further does not know why. Jessie himself puts it best, My stomach rebelled. The antagonist is surprisingly Jessie, but after the voyage. He went through many changes after the excursion. At first, I made a promise to myself I would do nothing that was connected with the use of slaves.

Daniel Quinn’s Ishmael - Paradigms of Yesterday Essay -- Quinn Ishmae

Ishmael Paradigms of Yesterday Come with me if you want to live, was totally that Arnold Schwarzenegger said in his movie exterminator 2 Judgement Day, and after reading Daniel Quinns masterpiece Ishmael, cardinal might well receive the impression Quinn echoes such sentiments. Few books have as a good deal relevancy in this technological, ever-changing world as Ishmael.In the beginning, according to Ishmael, God created Man to live peacefully on ground, sustained by the generative bounties of Earth and subject to Gods control. That is, until Man ate of the Tree of Good and Evil in the Garden Of Eden, and conveniently forgot all the rules God had so graciously hardened in front of him. From that point on, the Caucasian race, full of vanity and pride for having seen so clearly what was good on the Earth and what was not, decided to subjugate the Earth to its will. During this turn of events, totalitarian agriculture was born. And God just shook his head.Fortunately, there are c reatures on the Earth still willing to teach Man rough his roots, and at the same time save Man from his selfdestructive impulses. Enter Ishmael, a gorilla with a conscience. Yes, a gorilla. Caged and controlled by man, Ishmael developed a self-awareness of his bunk and of mans. Realizing that his destiny is intertwined with mans, he decides to save man from himself. Placing an ad in the papers, Ishmael finds a willing if disillusioned student, and presents a course of education guaranteed to save the world. Makes one wonder if the sign in Ishmaels office reads true, With gorilla gone, will man survive?The pupil finds that all he has learned about history is a lie, created by power hungry men two thousand years ago intent on ruling the w... ...If one does, one ends up fragmenting the stainless food chain. Ecologically speaking, the Taker way of life was doomed from the beginning.However, the reader experiences a sense of pleasure as Quinn points out that many of the primitive so cieties have a great deal of wisdom they can teach the world on how to live in a self-sustaining society. Of course, new ideas will mean that the paradigms of yesterday will have to be discarded. However, if innovative solutions to todays ecological problems can be found, and the wisdom of ages is preserved, man has a shot at not committing cultural suicide. In trying to control all other life on the planet man has overstepped his bounds. In the end, man must realize that he is interconnected to all other life on Earth. Just consider, for a moment, the reverse side of Ishmaels office sign. With man gone, will gorilla survive?